Anise is a non-timber specialty forest product in China, accounting for 85% of the world’s production and planted area. Anise has been found to contain an important medicinal ingredient, shikimic acid, which is an anti-H5N1 avian influenza drug. Shikimicacid is an important component of “Duffy” and is therefore of great interest. Shikimicacid is an organic acid found in large quantities in higher plants and microorganisms. Due to the high amount of shikimic acid in the fruits of the star anise plant, the methanolic extract of star anise can contain more than 10% of shikimic acid, so it is used as a resource plant for shikimic acid extraction. Shikimic acid is a needle-like crystal, a monomer compound, weakly acidic, with a solubility of 0.18g-mL-1 in water.

At present, it is mainly extracted from star anise by leaching and extraction, and then the separation and purification process is developed according to the characteristics of shikimic acid.

Experimental scheme

Extraction

The main purpose was to extract the shikimic acid from the star anise fruit to the maximum extent. Add deionized water at 8 times the weight of the star anise, heat at a temperature not higher than 95℃, cycle the extract for 2h, and release the extract; then add 6 times the amount of deionized water, cycle the extract for 1.5h, release the second extract, and combine the extracts (because the star anise can also be used to extract fennel oil, and the extraction was done twice, so the star anise was not crushed). 2.2 Before concentrating, filter the extract with 800 mesh filter cloth, filter out the sediment, then dry or vacuum dry the extract to about 62 degrees of sugar (subject to the determination of sugar meter), release, cool, and after natural crystallization, separate the aqueous layer and the extracted oil. 2.3 Alcohol precipitation of naturally precipitated coarse shikimic acid crystals is repeatedly washed with a small amount of ethanol, left overnight, and then the library is analyzed as a junction.
After crystallization, the filtrate is filtered, and the crystals are mainly shikimic acid for the next stage. The filtrate from multiple washes is combined and concentrated, and the concentrate is reserved for re-crystallization.

Re-crystallization

The shikimic acid crystals separated by alcohol precipitation are re-dissolved in deionized water, and the pH value of the detection solution is 6-7.

Ion Exchange

The main purpose was to extract the shikimic acid from the star anise fruit to the maximum extent. Add deionized water at 8 times the weight of the star anise, heat at a temperature not higher than 95℃, cycle the extract for 2h, and release the extract; then add 6 times the amount of deionized water, cycle the extract for 1.5h, release the second extract, and combine the extracts (because the star anise can also be used to extract fennel oil, and the extraction was done twice, so the star anise was not crushed). The temperature should not exceed 100℃ or local overheating to prevent the distillation of the essential oil, which is not a problem when using the aqueous solution from anise oil producers.

Concentration

Before concentration, filter the leaching solution with 800 mesh filter cloth, filter out the sediment, and then concentrate the leaching solution by drying or vacuum drying to about 62 degrees of sugar (subject to the determination of sugar meter), release, cool, and separate the aqueous layer and crystal layer after natural crystallization.

Alcohol precipitation

The crude shikimic acid crystals were naturally precipitated and washed repeatedly with a small amount of ethanol, then left overnight, and the junction was analyzed from the library.
After crystallization, the filtrate is filtered, and the crystals are mainly shikimic acid for the next stage. The filtrate from multiple washes is combined and concentrated, and the concentrate is reserved for re-crystallization.

Elution

A glacial acetic acid solution (pH 10) with a concentration of 10% is prepared to elute shikimic acid from the ion exchange resin, and when a weak acidity is detected in the effluent, the eluent is received. After adding the glacial acetic acid solution, rinse the resin with deionized water to remove all the acid until the eluent is detected to be neutral and then stop.

Concentration

Concentrate the eluate, recover glacial acetic acid, and then release shikimic acid solution and cool it.

Resin decolorization

In order to remove the pigment from the shikimic acid solution, resin adsorption and decolorization of the above solution is also required. The macroporous adsorption resin is mainly used to remove the pigment from the solution. When the effluent is weakly acidic, the liquid is received. After the shikimic acid solution, rinse it with deionized water to neutral, and then stop watering and receiving liquid.

Concentration and precipitation

Concentrate the decolorizing solution to a sugar level of 60 degrees, release it, and cool it at 0~5°C for crystallization. When precrystallizing, add crystals as needed.

Filtration and Drying

Shikimic acid can be obtained by separating the crystals by vacuum filtration and vacuum drying.

Resin regeneration

The ion exchange resin and the adsorption resin are regenerated after each use. The specific method is to soak them in 10% NaOH solution or HCl solution for 12h and then wash them with deionized water for the next use.

Product Quality

The shikimic acid produced by this process ensures the quality of the product, as the whole process uses food grade excipients (ethanol, acetic acid) and no other contamination is introduced into the production process. The sample was dissolved in 0.1g of methanol and detected by Hewlett-Packard HP1050 liquid chromatography:

• Chromatographic column: ZORBAXNH2 (5 μm, 4.6 mm×150 mm);
• Mobile phase:acetonitrile-2%H3PO4 (95∶5);
• Injection: 5μm; Flow rate: 1ml-min-1;
• The detection wavelength was 213nm, with a bandwidth of 4nm; the reference length was 300nm, with a bandwidth of 80nm.

The results were as high as 99.3% by chromatography-normalization, which reached the pharmaceutical grade standard.

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It has always been thought that the symbol of romance of lavender is far away in Provence, France, but little did I know that as early as 1964, there were three varieties of French Lavender Provence was introduced to the Yili Valley, located in the four divisions of the 65th regiment. After 50 years of changes, lavender has taken root in the fertile soil of China’s northern border, and it has become a business card, attracting more and more people with romantic feelings to come here.

At present, the dried flowers and essential oil of lavender produced at the Four Divisions Lavender Planting Base, named by the Ministry of Agriculture as “The Hometown of Lavender in China”, account for more than 95% of the national production. Along with Provence (France), Hokkaido (Japan) and Caucasus (Russia), this planting base has become one of the four major lavender producing areas in the world. This issue of “Corps Symbol” will take our readers into the “Chinese Lavender Hometown” – Huocheng Lavender Planting Base, to feel the different feelings of this purple flower together.

“Less than Xinjiang do not know the size of China, less than Yili do not know the beauty of Xinjiang.” This is the personal experience of many tourists. This is the personal experience of many tourists. What is the most beautiful scenery in Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang? When the flowers bloom and the wind blows in June, the entire lavender fields of the four divisions are like deep purple waves cascading up and down, walking under the blue sky and white clouds, wandering in the purple sea, like a dream.

Today, Yili has become the only lavender growing region in China, and is one of the four major lavender producing regions in the world, along with Provence, France, Hokkaido, Japan, and the Caucasus, Russia. Here, the Huocheng Lavender Cultivation Base, named by the Ministry of Agriculture as “The Hometown of Lavender in China”, produces more than 95% of the country’s dried lavender flowers and essential oil.

Lavender has been cultivated and used for thousands of years. In China, lavender is an introduced species and the first successful trial planting was in Huocheng. Huocheng has been cultivating and developing lavender essential oil products for half a century, and it was the Yili people who planted the long-standing fragrance in the Yili River Valley.

In 1964, the Ministry of Light Industry of China entrusted the trial planting of lavender to Yili in Xinjiang, Yu County in Henan, Kunming in Yunnan, and Xi’an in Shaanxi Province, etc. In the end, the lavender planting in other places failed, only the Fourth Division of the Corps located in the Yili River Valley succeeded in the trial planting. China has a history of complete dependence on imported lavender spices.

With no harsh winters, abundant rain, and a humid climate, the Yili Valley, where the 65th regiment of the 4th Division is located, is a veritable “wet island” in the arid desert of Central Asia, known as the “South of the Wall”. It is located at the same latitude as the world’s most famous lavender producing area – Provence, France, and has similar climatic and soil conditions. In 2004, four divisions carefully selected 100 lavender seeds aboard China’s reentry satellite around space, after trial planting, these lavender yield is higher, the quality is more pure.

Lavender’s flower motto is “waiting for love”, which, together with its mysterious and romantic purple color, makes people imaginative. Lavender essential oil has more than 70 functions and is commonly known as the “blue gold”. Its pleasing scent and wide range of healing properties make it the most versatile and popular fragrance in the world.

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Peppermint Botanical Properties

The genus Mint, in the family Labiataceae, contains 25 species, of which Peppermint and Green Mint are the most common. It was first found in the Mediterranean region of Europe and in Western Asia. Nowadays, it is mainly found in the United States, Spain, Italy, France, England, the Balkans, etc. It is also found in Asia, such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi in China. Mint, native to Europe, is a perennial herb that can grow up to 90 centimeters tall.

It is a perennial herb that can grow up to 90 centimeters tall. When you gently knead it with your hands, the aroma will be cool and refreshing to the nose. This scent is very helpful in improving respiratory problems. Peppermint is very well known for respiratory problems, but its most important contribution is actually to the digestive system. Peppermint has the ability to relieve nerves and vomiting and improve indigestion. It also normalizes the oil production of your skin. Peppermint also has a hot and cold character, cooling in the heat and warming in the cold. It is ideal for dealing with fever, chills, and inflammation.

Peppermint Main Ingredient

Peppermint the main ingredient is menthol 40-50%,can increase bile secretion to eliminate spasms, menthone 25-30% to help drive the wind, peppermint is a useful oil in aromatherapy, can be used in gas, nausea and vomiting, headache, can relieve itching and pain, peppermint cold fever, hot fever, cold fever.

Peppermint Effect

It has properties such as soothing pain, preventing intestinal gas production, loosening mucus, unblocking sinus congestion and improving and preventing nausea and vomiting, as well as anti-spasmodic (through the action of menthol molecules on calcium ions in the body), cholagogue (promoting the efficiency of the flow of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum has promoted digestion), expectorant, disinfectant, paroxysm and sweating (promoting perspiration). Menthol can regress milk, so it’s not recommended for nursing mothers!

The combined effects of spearmint make it an effective remedy for nausea, nausea, vomiting, flatulence and muscle spasms in the digestive tract, as well as for the liver, heart, stomach and pancreas. On the psychological level, peppermint essential oil is also uplifting and has a slight anti-depressant effect. This is an essential oil with antiviral, anti-malarial, antifungal and general anti-infective properties. It particularly inhibits the activity of pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus B-hemolyticus, Klebsiella, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Peppermint Oil

The product of the distillation of the stems and leaves of mint is peppermint crude oil, while the processed products are menthol and menthol oil. Peppermint crude oil is colorless or light yellow transparent oil, with a special cooling fragrance. Menthol is colorless and transparent with prismatic or needle-like crystals, also called menthol. Peppermint oil is the part left after the extraction of menthol from peppermint crude oil. Peppermint is an important raw material for food, chemical, pharmaceutical and daily use industries. Peppermint and Vegetable Oil made from Hymenium crude oil is known as the “Fragrance of Asia” and enjoys a high reputation in the international market.

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There are various kinds of flower water around us, these flower water have different effects on the body, rose flower water can stop itching and eliminate inflammation, peppermint flower water can cool and detoxify, but also can soothe the skin, prevent skin infections, which flower water also distributed chamomile flower water, jasmine flower water, different flower water have different effects, and the kinds of flower water is very many, a lot of traditional Chinese medicine can be made into flower water.

Rose flower water

Rose flower water has calming, soothing, anti-inflammatory, anti-itch and anti-aging properties, and it is one of the mildest antiseptics and astringents, all of which make it a good skin care agent. Rose flower water is safe for even the most sensitive skin, and it is also the best skin care solution for dry skin. Moisturizes, brightens, illuminates, and lightens blemishes. Wet a cotton pad with Rose Hydrolat and apply it lightly on your eyes to make them brighter.

Peppermint flower water

Peppermint flower water promotes cell regeneration, softens the skin, balances oil secretion, cleanses the skin, disinfects antibacterial, avoids infection, promotes rapid healing of acne and small wounds, prevents scarring, and moisturizes, astringent pores, special cooling sensation, ideal for the treatment of acne-prone or large pore skin. For itchy, inflamed, burned skin has a relief effect.

Chamomile flower water

It is a favorite for women with sensitive skin. Some heavy medicinal smell is relatively easy to accept compared to other pure lotions. Chamomile flower water, undiluted direct use, it can reduce burns, blisters, inflamed wounds, soft skin, the role of treatment trauma; can calm red skin after sunburn, avoid sunburn, prevent melanin deposition; sound repair keratin (such as light and heat sensitive skin, keratin is too thin, etc.), anti-allergy (allergic manifestations of attacks on the skin has a soothing and therapeutic effect), enhance microcirculation (such as repair of (redness), astringent drainage (improve puffiness under the eyes, etc.), strengthen the metabolism (by strengthening the metabolism has a certain whitening effect).

Jasmine flower water

Jasmine flower water effectively shrinks pores, balances the skin’s oil secretion, helps cleanse the skin, gets rid of grease and gets rid of acne. It is good for aging, dry skin, has a charming, fresh, anti-inflammatory and calming scent, and is suitable for all skin types. This is a great way to get the most out of your skin, but it is also a great way to get the most out of your skin, so you can get the most out of your skin.

Rosemary flower water

Rosemary flower water, also known as Ocean Dew, is an evergreen shrub with upright, gray-green, narrowly pointed leaves. It is an evergreen shrub with upright, grayish-green, narrowly pointed, pine scented leaves, and has been considered a memory-enhancing herb since ancient times. The plant has small, light blue flowers in spring and summer. Rosemary, native to the Mediterranean coast, is an evergreen shrub with small blue flowers that look like drops of water in summer, hence the Latin word “rosmarinus” meaning dew of the sea.

Rosemary flower water can fight skin aging, activate the regeneration of aging skin cells, promote blood circulation to the skin, and brighten the skin particularly well. It is also effective in regenerating skin cells and balancing oil secretion. It is also effective in regulating the pH value of oily or combination skin. Used for hair maintenance can make oily hair fresh and soft; and can improve the scalp skin, remove dandruff, stimulate hair regeneration.

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Also known as pepper-like mint (peppermint), peppermint is a botanical genealogy of the species resulting from a cross between green mint and water mint. It is an herbaceous perennial plant, and cultivation is quite common, as the essential oil is widely distributed, mainly in the United States, France, and England (especially in the Mitcham area, south of London). Peppermint essential oil is heavily used in the food and perfume industries, as well as in pharmaceuticals. It is a pale yellow or colorless essential oil with good flow and a strong, fresh, green peppermint scent.

General Information

• Latin Name: Mentha Piperita
• Important places of origin: USA, France, UK, Israel, Croatia, India.
• Botanical Family: Labiataceae, Menthaceae
• Extraction Site: Whole herb
• Extraction Method: Distillation
• Caution: Do not take this product internally before the age of 2.5 years, but use it externally with caution in specific areas (forehead, temples, corners of the eyes).

Chemical structure – mainly monoterpene alcohols

• Monoterpene Alcohol 50%: Menthol 38-48%, Piperine Brain
• Monoterpene ketones 40%: menthone 30%, piperonyl ketone, menthone <3%.
• Ester <10%: menthyl acetate
• Monoterpenes <10%: turpentine, limonene
• Oxide 5%: 1,8 eucalyptol 5.75%, menthol furan <3%, piperonyl oxide
• Sesquiterpenes: β-Syringene, Geranium macrocarpon, bicyclic olefin
• Coumarin: Horse chestnut

Pharmacological Properties

1. nourish the liver and gallbladder, and strengthen the pancreas.
2. antivirus
3. analgesic, anti-oxygen, anti-diarrhea, and anti-nausea
4. acts like a hormone, regulates ovarian function, and aids in childbirth.
5. antispasmodic, can regulate the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract
6. good for the digestive system, especially the stomach and liver

Applicable Systems

Nervous System: Pain [with real lavender, rooibos leaves, geranium, nutmeg, clove buds, etc.].

Digestive system: indigestion [with real lavender, cardamom, coriander seeds, sweet marjoram, citrus oils, clove buds, black pepper, etc.].

Respiratory: Respiratory tract obstruction, bronchitis, asthma [with eucalyptus, rosemary, sweet marjoram, happy clary sage, real lavender, spiky lavender, benzoin, etc.]

Skin system: eczema, itching, rash, wound repair [with real lavender, bergamot, tea tree, patchouli, permanent flowers, German chamomile, myrrh, geranium, rose, etc.]

Daily Life Applications

1. aromatherapy
2. invigorates the mind and improves memory
3. pain relief (including migraines, neuralgia, sciatica)
4. oxygen control
5. antiemetic
6. anti-nausea
7. eczema
8. nourish the liver
9. bronchitis
10. asthma
11. digestive disorders such as dyspepsia, vomiting and nausea, abdominal cramps and irritable bowel syndrome.
12. phlegm
13. promote wound healing

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Lavender Hydrolat

pH

5.6 to 6.0.

Fragrance Features

A mild, slightly warm blend of light licorice and floral notes.

Efficacy

• Highly effective in regenerating human skin cells and balancing oil secretion
• Helps treat acne, dermatitis, eczema, chicken pox, and edema.
• Excellent astringent and purifying effect on acne-prone skin.
• Very good for acne marks and blemishes.
• Eliminates puffiness and reduces dark circles caused by fatigue and lack of sleep.
• Make an after-sun spray to quickly calm sun-damaged skin and prevent sun exposure and melanin deposition.

Suitable Skin Type

Suitable for all skin types.

Lavender Hydrolat is the most commonly used hydrolat and the most widely accepted hydrolat. Like lavender essential oil, it is loved and widely accepted because of its mildness, but its flavor is not as sweet and refreshing as lavender essential oil.

Lavender Hydrolat is a very versatile hydrolat, suitable for normal, combination and problem skin, most often acne prone skin, it is very powerful in regenerating our skin cells and balancing the oil.

China’s Xinjiang Ili Lavender is now among the world’s top eight lavenders, and is gentler and more suitable for damaged or dry skin. It can promote cell regeneration, prevent and diminish acne scars, and improve the condition of fragile skin. The smell reminds me of those gorgeous purple flowers that only lavender can make so beautiful. It’s so beautiful that you won’t forget it once you look at it.

There are two factors that influence the quality of the pure lotion.

1. plantations.
2. Processing equipment.

The planting site is directly related to the quality of the lavender, and the processing equipment is directly related to the water-oil separation between the pure dew and the essential oil.

After the extraction of lavender essential oil, there will be a watery substance containing 0.06% concentration of essential oil in the device, which is rich in water-soluble extracts of plants other than essential oil, which is lavender pure dew. Real lavender hydrosol smells different from essential oil, with the smell of natural flowers and plants, because the essence of flowers and plants, if not diluted, the smell is strong, and people who are not used to it will find it a bit “stinky”. Synthetic floral water, on the other hand, has a light and sweet flavor that is pleasing to the consumer, with added fragrance.

Application

skin

Combination, dehydrated skin with light complexion, scars, acne marks, acne-prone skin, with cell regeneration, soothing, anti-itch, antibacterial effect, for normal combination skin or all kinds of dermatitis, diaper rash, sunburn, insect bites, acne, acne marks.

body

Treat stress and tension-induced tightness, headaches, clogged mammary glands with a wet compress or sleep with hydrotherapy.

mind

Balances the mind and body, calms and soothes the emotions, and cleanses negative energies.

Caution:If you have oily or dry, peeling acne-prone skin, in many cases the absorption of skin care products is poor, it is recommended to use lavender lotion every day, and then moisturize with a light lotion, insist on a period of time will find that both oil and peeling will be improved, and the skin will become softer, and the absorption of various maintenance products is greatly improved.

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• Name: Chamomile Oil
• CAS NO.:8015-92-7
• Product Type: Essential Oils
• Appearance and Odor: Light blue to light greenish-blue liquid, with the characteristic aroma of flowers.
• Package Specification: 180KG galvanized steel drum.
• Main Ingredients: Pine Terpene, Camphene, Laurethrene, Eucalyptus Brain, Terpine Terpene, Carthamene and so on.
• Product Preparation: Steam distillation of chamomile flowers to obtain essential oil.
• Package and Storage: Store in a cool and dry place, sealed.
• Product Form: Oil soluble fragrance.

Chamomile essential oil is extracted from anthemis nobilis, chamaemelum nobile and belongs to the Asteraceae family. Also known as English Chamomile, Stevia and Garden Chamomile, it is a dark blue, viscous liquid. Chamomile Roman and German chamomile are collectively known as chamomile.

Chamomile essential oil has a sweet scent, somewhat like that of an apple. It is light green, clear, and has a watery viscosity, making it more widely used in skin care.

German chamomile essential oil is extracted from German chamomile (matricaria re-cutita, chamomilla recutita), which also belongs to the chrysanthemum family. Also known as blue chamomile, mother chamomile, Hungarian chamomile, and single petal chamomile, it is a pale blue liquid that sometimes turns yellow.

German chamomile essential oil has a straw-like scent, a black-green color, medium viscosity, and strong anti-inflammatory properties.

Chamomile oil Effects

• Chamomile is known for its cooling, calming and tranquilizing effects. Insect bites, cracked skin, gastrointestinal discomfort, menstrual irregularities, etc. can be quickly relieved with chamomile essential oil products.
• Due to the unique efficacy of chamomile, it is very good for comfort, repair and adjust uneven skin tone.
• Using chamomile essential oil for bathing can get a good effect of soothing the mind, relieving mental tension and fear, relieving mental pressure, clearing and calming the mind, especially good for sleep.
• Chamomile essential oil has special benefits for infants and has mild and comfortable properties, making it the first choice for all skin types.

Ruistars products are produced in Yili, Xinjiang, China, and are purely natural plant extracts of essential oils, guaranteeing high quality and competitive prices.

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If there is one color to describe Huocheng in Xinjiang, purple is it. Huocheng is located at the same latitude with Provence, France, and its unique natural counter-temperate climate and water and fertilizer conditions make it an ideal geographic environment for large scale lavender planting. With 95% of the world’s lavender, along with Provence, France, Hokkaido, Japan and the Caucasus, Russia, it is one of the world’s four major lavender producing regions.

The photographer Ke Li, who specializes in taking wedding photos for couples, said: “Every year in June, many studios and studios receive requests from couples who want to take photos with the theme of lavender. Since our studio opened, 3 years ago, we have received an average of about 6 orders per year that are lavender, and even some couples have come from the mainland specifically to take lavender photos.”

According to him, one of the orders in 2014 is a pair of Zhuhai newcomers, they got married in September, in March, contacted the studio to place an order to pay a deposit, in June, a special flight to Xinjiang to shoot lavender-themed wedding photos.

In the summer, Huocheng is full of lavender and a variety of crops, yellow rape, white potato flowers, purple mint and basil. There are many colorful flower fields, like a patchwork coat forgotten by God on the earth. From June to August every year, when the lavender flowers bloom, the entire horticultural farm seems to wear a purple coat, and the fragrant lavender sways in the wind. Many harvested lavender plants are drying on the roadside of the farm, and farmers are tilling them with rakes. On both sides of the road, a sea of purple flowers and yellow wheat waves mosaic each other, creating a beautiful geometric pattern that reflects the snowy mountains in the distance. Rent a bicycle and ride slowly along the fields in the blue sky, white clouds and fragrant breeze, and you might just be willing to become a florist or marry a florist from now on!

Lavender is a perennial subshrub of the genus Lavandula in the family Labiatae, and an ornamental natural aromatic oil plant native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe and the southern foothills of the Alps, mainly cultivated in France, Italy, England and Bulgaria. As early as the 1960s of last century, lavender was introduced to Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in western Xinjiang. Today, located at the foot of the Tianshan Mountains, known as the southern part of the country, Xinjiang Ili, with its unique geographical location and climatic conditions, has built the largest lavender base in China, and become one of the world’s eight famous production sites of lavender.

At present, the lavender planting area in the Yili Valley has reached nearly 5 million acres, with a pole of essential oil production exceeding 200 tons, accounting for more than 93% of China’s lavender planting area and production, and most of the products are sold abroad, such as Japan, data show that less than 7% of the current domestic market is pure foreign imports of original products, the remaining 90% of the lavender essential oil in Yili, Xinjiang, the rest is elsewhere! The lavender varieties. In this sense, Xinjiang Ili has long been known by the aromatherapy industry as “the hometown of Chinese lavender” is well deserved.

Every summer, the lavender fields bloom, the flower country of ten miles, the entire Huocheng, and even the entire Ili River Valley have become a world of aromatherapy. The fragrance of this small, light blue-purple flower can be smelled from as far away as ten miles in the flowering season, but standing in a large field of flowers, the fragrance is still light and mild. Its fragrance seems to be in some kind of half-dreamed state of life, faded to the extreme, and carved in the bottom of the heart.

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Lavender (Lavandula lavandula, Labiataceae)

Lavender (Latin name: Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) is also known as perfume plant, spirit vanilla, vanilla, yellow vanilla, and lavender. It is a small shrub of the genus Lavandula in the Labiataceae family. Stems erect, stellate tomentose, old branches gray-brown, with striated exfoliating cortex. Leaves striped or lanceolate, with sparse or dense gray stellate tomentum, gray-white or olive-green when dry, entire and revolute. Verticillasters aggregated in interrupted or subcontinuous spikes at branch tips; bracts rhombic-ovate, bracteoles inconspicuous; calyx ovate-cylindric or subcylindric; corolla about twice as long as Cao, tube erect, glandular hairy in throat. Nutlets ellipsoid, smooth. It is native to the Mediterranean coast, all parts of Europe and the islands of Oceania, and has been widely planted in Britain and Yugoslavia. Its foliage and flowers are beautiful and elegant, and its blue-purple inflorescences are long and beautiful. It is a new perennial hardy flower in the garden, suitable for bush or strip planting, or for potted plants.

Lavender, with its elegant foliage and blue-purple inflorescence, has been a favorite of people in Europe for many years. The lavender’s foliage and flowers are beautiful and elegant, with long blue-purple inflorescences. Let’s enjoy the legends and culture of lavender.

Name origin

In ancient Greek times, lavender was called Nardus, a name that came from a Syrian city called Naarda. The flowers of lavender were sold for one hundred denarii a pound, a price equal to one month’s wages for a farm worker or what a barber would get for cutting the hair of fifty people. The Romans used lavender in their baths, along with various herbs, and they introduced this method of bathing to Britain.

Lavender was grown and sold all over the world. Lavender was called “espic” in the 18th century, while in Provence it was nicknamed “epi”. The word “Lavender” is derived from the Latin word “Lavare”, meaning to cleanse. Ancient folklore has it that lavender has been used as a wonderful remedy for skin ailments.

Language of Flowers

In the European tradition, lavender seems to be naturally associated with love, and many love legends or folk customs involve lavender, with “Lavender for True Love” being the most representative lyric of the Elizabethan era. Lavender’s flower motto is “Waiting for love”, and like the TV series Lavender, lavender signifies a subtle gesture of love, a firm commitment to take a son by the hand through trials and tribulations.

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According to Ruistars, sesame is mainly distributed in Henan, Anhui, and Hubei, followed by Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Jiangxi in China.

The oil content of sesame is between 40% and 58%, and the fatty acid composition of triglycerides is relatively simple as shown in Table 1. The content of vitamin E in sesame oil is not high (50mg/100g oil), but it is very stable and has a long shelf life. This is due to the presence of about 1% of natural antioxidants such as sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin in crude sesame oil.

In China, sesame can be extracted by water, pressing, or pre-pressing and leaching. However, the production scale of the water-based method is generally small, the processing is scattered, the process is old, the equipment is backward, the labor productivity is low, the residual oil of sesame residue is high (generally dry base 9% to 12%) and the water content is high (moisture can be as high as 65%), sesame residue is easily spoiled and smelly, the utilization rate is poor, generally used as fertilizer or dried for feed. In addition, due to the high frying temperature of the seeds, some components coke at high temperatures and become bitter, which affects the quality of hemp residue.

The advantage of water-based oil production is that the oil produced has an excellent aroma and is no less efficient than that produced by pressing. At the same time, the equipment for water-based oil production is relatively simple. The disadvantages are the low productivity and the high water content of the oil cake residue, which is not easy to preserve.

Sesame oil produced by machine presses, called “big trough oil,” has a strong aroma, but is less fragrant than “small mill oil.” Due to the high oil content of sesame, two presses are needed to increase the oil yield, resulting in higher power consumption, darker oil, and less aroma. It is also produced with more oil residue and filter cake. However, the press cake can be leached to make oil. After leaching, sesame oil has lost its inherent flavor due to a series of refining, and is used only as a general cooking oil.

Water-based oil production

(1) The basic principle of water method of oil extraction

water method of oil extraction is different from the pressing method or leaching method in principle, therefore, using the non-oil components of oil on the different affinities of oil and water, add the right amount of water to the prepared oil, after a series of procedures, the oil and hydrophilic proteins, carbohydrates and other separation.

Frying the seeds is extremely special

The role of sautéed seeds is to make the protein denaturation of the oil cell structure in the colloid coalescence of cellular tissue destruction, so that scattered tiny droplets of oil aggregation, sesame seeds after sautéing, from the original astringent and unflavored become fragrant and crispy, so that the system made of sesame oil has a special flavor.

Transformation of dispersion system

Due to the high oil content, the paste is transformed from a gel into a coarse dispersed system of solid particles in liquid oil, where the solid particles are discontinuous dispersed phases and the oil is a continuous dispersing medium. This system is more stable and the oil and solids in the sauce are difficult to separate on their own in storage. The finer the grinded seeds, the better it is, so that water can easily penetrate into the sauce when the oil is being added to the pulp, absorbing water evenly and replacing oil completely.

Water instead of oil

Mixing and stirring the oil is the key to aqueous extraction of oil. The solid particles in the sauce are mainly proteins, carbohydrates, and combinations of proteins and other substances. These polymers contain hydrophilic and lipophilic groups. These polymers contain both hydrophilic and lipophilic groups, and can be wetted by both water and other substances. However, since the hydrophilicity of these compounds is far more dominant than the lipophilicity, their ability to bind to water molecules is much stronger than that to oil.

When boiling water is added to marijuana and stirred, the water comes into contact with the solid particles and is absorbed by the solids. Solid particles absorb water, on the one hand, due to the expansion of water absorption, the volume increases, and thus the molecular energy decreases, so that the solid surface can be reduced, on the other hand, due to the solid surface molecules on the water to produce a strong attraction, making the original oil occupied part of the solid surface was replaced by water, with the increase in water absorption of solid particles, oil on the solid surface of the combination of energy gradually decreases, the oil and the solid surface of the gradual separation. However, in reality, the solid surface cannot be completely replaced by water molecules, and therefore, the oil is not completely removed.

The amount of water added to the sauce is based on the maximum amount of water absorbed by the solid particles, thus maximizing the effect of water instead of oil. However, if too much water is added, when free water is present, it can cause emulsification, mixing the oil, water and paste residue together and making it difficult to separate them. At the same time, the pesto is thin, the viscosity is reduced, the surface tension is weakened, and the oil layer is easily mixed into the pesto when skimming. If too little water is added, the resulting residue is too viscous and the oil droplets do not float easily when the oil is shaken and separated.

When the sauce is mixed with water for a certain period of time, it becomes so thick that even the oil disappears. This is due to the fact that the solid particles of the sauce gradually absorb water and swell, causing the distance between the particles to diminish and the oil droplets that were previously visible to be stirred into the sauce. When the particles have absorbed enough water to form a hydrophilic surface, the oil is gradually discharged, and the entire sauce is thinner and thicker. The oil is gradually discharged and the sauce becomes thinner and thicker. The oil between the particles becomes more and more, and the distance between the solids becomes larger and larger. The role of the oscillation of the separation of oil: The oscillation of the gourd is to cause the internal squeezing and oscillation of the pesto, to help the oil droplets wrapped in the pesto interior to collect and float. The proper temperature should be maintained during shaking to reduce the viscosity of the oil and facilitate separation.

(2) Water substitution process

Process:

Sesame seeds→Sorting→Rinsing→Frying→Frying the seeds→Smoking→Blowing→Milling the seeds→Adding the pulp→Churning the oil→Shaking and separating the oil→Small grinding of aromatic oil
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Sesame

Cleaning:

The purpose of cleaning is to remove impurities and immature seeds.

Rinsing:

It can remove the residual microscopic impurities after sifting to make the sesame seeds cleaner; in addition, soaking the sesame seeds in the pool for an hour to make them evenly penetrate the water, so that the protein denaturation can be more complete and perfect when frying the seeds, and also extend the frying time to avoid the phenomenon of scorching, frying paste or scorching inside and outside. Usually oil factories use washing machine for rinsing, and the water content of sesame seeds after washing is about 35%.

Frying:

When frying sesame seeds, it is important to master the fire, time and temperature. In the beginning, due to the large water content of sesame, it is advisable to fry the material rapidly; when the frying degree reaches 70%, reduce the heat, and always check the tenderness of sesame, generally so that the temperature reaches about 200 ℃ is appropriate. The cooked sesame seeds are red or yellow-brown when twisted by hand. When frying the ingredients, turn them frequently so that moisture and smoke can be easily dispersed to prevent scorching and uneven ripening of the sesame seeds. At the same time, according to the different varieties of sesame seeds, in the specific operation of the treatment, the thick skin should be high heat, the thin skin should be low heat.

Special attention should be paid to the sesame seeds, pouring a proper amount of cold water into the frying pan to cool the sesame seeds when the frying time is right (about 30 minutes and 190℃～200℃). The sudden drop in temperature makes it easier to crisp up the structure of the sesame seeds, making it easier to grind the seeds finely. It also helps to lower the temperature of the sesame seeds before serving to avoid scorching. The sesame seeds can be sautéed by human or mechanical stirring, and the speed of the powered stirrer is usually 40-45r/min.

Smoke:

When the sesame seeds are put out of the pot, although water is poured to cool down the temperature, the temperature is still around 140℃～150℃, if not cooled down, there is still a possibility of scorching, so the heat should be dissipated immediately after the pot is put out of the pot. Therefore, it should be cooled off immediately after cooking. Therefore, it is called “lifting the smoke”. Smoke lifting operation can be carried out by smoke lifting machine, but in small oil factories, it is usually carried out manually.

Blowing:

During the frying process, the sesame skin easily falls off, and some of the frying paste (commonly known as sesame bran) is mixed with the sesame, which contains less oil and affects the quality of the oil, so it must be removed. The blowing operation is usually done by blowing or sifting.

Seed grinding:

Sesame seeds are ground to a paste in a stone or emery wheel grinder after being fried and blown clean. When sesame seeds are ground, the presence of oil results in a paste, usually called masa (as opposed to the normal edible sesame paste that is ground when fried young).

When grinding the seeds, add ingredients evenly to prevent empty grinding. The seeds should be grinded as they are cooked, but not too much. The temperature of sesame seeds should be kept high, generally 65℃～70℃. If the temperature is too low, the sesame seeds will not be finely ground. If the grinding speed is too high or the temperature is too high, the flavor of the oil will be affected.

Adding water is an important part of refilling the oil. According to the test results, the optimum amount of water to add is twice the amount of non-oily substance in sesame seeds (about 83% of the weight of sesame seed pulp). For the first time, add 60% of water, keep the water temperature above 90℃, and stir continuously for 40-50 minutes. For mechanical stirring, the speed is about 30r/min. After adding water, the masa is easily thickened, so it must be turned evenly, otherwise, it is easy to lump together uneven draught. Stirring to maintain the temperature in the pot at 70 ℃ or more, 40 minutes after the consistency is reduced, there are very small particles appear, the particles covered with a very small amount of oil.

The second addition of water is about 20% of the total amount of water added (water temperature of 90 ℃ or more). Stirring was continued for 40 to 50 minutes with manual turning (temperature maintained at 60°C). At this time, the granules gradually became larger, there was more oil outside the granules, and some of the oil began to float.

The third addition of water is about 15% of the total amount of water added (the temperature is maintained above 90℃). After 15 minutes of stirring with manual assistance, most of the oil floated to the surface and the sauce at the bottom formed a honeycomb shape, making flow difficult. The temperature was maintained at about 50°C. The last addition of water (sizing) was done with the help of a stirrer.

The last addition of water (sizing) should be at discretion. When the temperature is adjusted to the appropriate level, reduce the stirring speed to 10r/min without manual turning, and after 1 hour, most of the oil will float on the surface. After skimming, the surface should retain about 7 to 9mm of oil layer to prevent the material temperature from dropping too quickly.

Vibrating oil:

After the above treatment, there is still some oil scattered inside the slurry, which can then be separated by vibrating method (pier oil). The dun oil is still made in the redemption pot, and the rotational speed of the pot is 10r/min. when dun oil is made, two copper gourds are used to move up and down, so that when the gourd is rammed down, the center one is about two-thirds of the gourd and the side one is only one-third of the gourd. After about 50 minutes of deep pier, the surface oil increases, and then the shallow pier for an hour, so that the second skimming can be done. Then, after 50 minutes of deep pier, the third skimming can be done. After the deep pier, the gourd is raised appropriately, and then the shallow pier for 1 hour, the fourth skimming. The amount of skimming depends on the temperature; more skimming and less staying should be done in summer and less skimming and more staying should be done in winter in order to keep warm.

Oil extraction by sesame press method

Process Flow:

Sesame seeds→Screening→Rinsing→Frying the seeds→Smoking→Blowing→Pressing→Oil wool→Precipitation filtration→Sesame oil
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Sesame Cake → Second Pressing

The pressing of sesame seeds for oil is characterized by the preservation of sesame oil flavor, for which the conditions of heat treatment are critical. This is because the proper increase of pressing temperature facilitates the conversion of sesame ethers into sesamol, which has a special flavor. The oil can be extracted by pressing with two presses under the condition of “frying the seeds” of the water method, but the temperature should not be too high, otherwise the oil will be blackened and the cake will be bitter. The advantages of the cake meal is low water content, can be stored for a long time.

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